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Effective Obesity Treatment: Dietary, Pharmacological, and Surgical Approaches for Physicians

A diverse group of healthcare professionals in a modern medical office. In the foreground, a Hispanic dietitian discusses a low-calorie diet plan with a Hispanic patient, showcasing a plate of fruits and vegetables. To the side, a Caucasian physician explains anti-obesity drug options to an African American patient. In the background, an Asian surgeon illustrates a bariatric surgery procedure to medical students. The environment reflects collaboration and education in obesity treatment, emphasizing the importance of a comprehensive approach that includes diet, medication, and exercise programs.

Obesity is a growing public health concern worldwide, associated with increased mortality and morbidity due to conditions such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and sleep apnea. The management of obesity has evolved significantly, incorporating more definitive strategies such as bariatric surgery and the use of anti-obesity drugs. This article explores the dietary, pharmacological, and surgical therapies available for obesity treatment, providing a comprehensive overview of current options.

Dietary, Pharmacological, and Surgical Approaches

The treatment of obesity generally begins with lifestyle interventions, including a low-calorie diet and an exercise program. These interventions can achieve a weight loss of 5% to 10%, which is clinically significant for improving associated comorbidities [1]. However, maintaining long-term weight loss remains a challenge, and this is where pharmacological and surgical interventions play a crucial role.

Anti-obesity drugs have been shown to be effective in promoting weight loss when combined with lifestyle changes. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, such as semaglutide, have demonstrated significant weight loss in patients with obesity, also improving metabolic comorbidities [2]. These medications work through mechanisms that include appetite reduction and delayed gastric emptying.

Bariatric surgery is an option for patients with a body mass index (BMI) ≥40 kg/m² or ≥35 kg/m² with comorbidities. Procedures such as sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass not only promote substantial weight loss but also improve or resolve conditions like type 2 diabetes and hypertension [3]. However, it is important to consider the potential risks and complications associated with these procedures, as well as the need for long-term follow-up by an interdisciplinary team [4].

Conclusions

The treatment of obesity requires a multifaceted approach that combines a low-calorie diet, anti-obesity drugs, and bariatric surgery when necessary. Personalizing treatment according to the individual needs of the patient is crucial for long-term success. As research advances, new therapies are likely to emerge that further improve outcomes for patients with obesity. Collaboration among dietitians, physicians, and surgeons is essential to provide comprehensive and effective care.

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Created 2/1/2025