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Diagnosis of Autoimmune Diseases: Lupus, Sjögren's Syndrome, and the Role of ANA and Anti-dsDNA Antibodies in Multi-Organ Involvement

A diverse group of physicians in a modern laboratory examining serological results and classification criteria for autoimmune diseases such as lupus and Sjögren's syndrome. The image features a Hispanic female doctor, an Asian male doctor, and an African American female doctor collaborating around a table with medical equipment and a laptop displaying data. The professional environment emphasizes the importance of accurate lupus diagnosis, including the role of ANA antibodies, anti-dsDNA, and anti-SSA antibodies in assessing multi-organ involvement.

The diagnosis of autoimmune diseases such as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and Sjögren's syndrome presents a significant challenge due to their multi-organ involvement and the variability of their clinical manifestations. Serology and classification criteria are essential tools for accurate diagnosis, allowing for a better understanding of these complex diseases.

Serology and Classification Criteria

The diagnosis of SLE is based on a combination of clinical manifestations and serological tests. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are a key serological marker, present in the majority of patients with SLE. However, their specificity is limited, necessitating the evaluation of other antibodies such as anti-dsDNA and anti-SSA antibodies to enhance diagnostic accuracy. The 2019 EULAR/ACR classification criteria have improved the precision in identifying patients with SLE, although they do not always reflect the individual patient's pathophysiology [1].

In the case of Sjögren's syndrome, serology also plays a crucial role. Anti-SSA/Ro antibodies are highly indicative of this disease. Additionally, salivary gland ultrasonography has emerged as a useful tool for assessing glandular involvement and could be integrated into the classification criteria [2]. The correlation between histopathological findings and serological parameters is fundamental for accurate diagnosis [3].

Conclusions

The diagnosis of autoimmune diseases such as SLE and Sjögren's syndrome requires a multidimensional approach that combines clinical evaluation with serological tests and classification criteria. The integration of new technologies and approaches, such as ultrasonography and multi-omic analyses, promises to improve diagnostic accuracy and understanding of these complex diseases. Early and accurate identification of these conditions is crucial for optimizing treatment and enhancing the quality of life for patients.

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Created 6/1/2025