Testicular Cancer: Self-Examination and Tumor Markers (AFP, β-hCG) for Early Detection of Testicular Mass

Testicular cancer is the most common type of cancer in young men, particularly between the ages of 15 and 40. Despite its low incidence compared to other cancers, early detection is crucial due to its high curability rate when diagnosed in the initial stages. Self-examination and the use of tumor markers such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) are essential tools in the early identification of this disease.

Importance of Self-Examination and the Use of Scrotal Ultrasound

Regular self-examination of the scrotum allows men to become familiar with the normal appearance and feel of their testicles, facilitating the detection of any testicular mass or unusual changes. A study conducted in Hungary demonstrated that while self-examination does not justify a mass screening program, it remains a valuable practice for early detection in men with symptoms or risk factors [1]. Additionally, scrotal ultrasound is a non-invasive diagnostic tool that can confirm the presence of abnormalities detected during self-examination [2].

In cases of testicular trauma, self-examination and ultrasound can be crucial in differentiating between benign and malignant lesions. A case study highlighted the importance of these practices in the early detection of testicular cancer following trauma [3].

Tumor Markers in Early Detection

Tumor markers such as AFP and β-hCG are key components in the diagnosis and monitoring of testicular cancer. Although their role in early detection is limited, they are essential for differential diagnosis and staging of the disease. A study indicated that while tumor markers are not useful for detection in asymptomatic men, they are vital for confirming the diagnosis in the presence of symptoms or suspicious findings [4].

Conclusions

Early detection of testicular cancer is fundamental for improving prognosis and survival rates. Regular self-examination, combined with the use of scrotal ultrasound and the evaluation of tumor markers, constitutes an effective approach for the early identification of this disease. Continuous education and awareness regarding the importance of these practices are essential to reduce the morbidity associated with testicular cancer.

Referencias

• [1] Three-year results of the first educational and early detection program for testicular cancer in Hungary.
• [2] Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Testis Cancer.
• [3] Association between trauma and cancer of the testis: the importance of self-palpation of the testis for the early detection: two case reports.
• [4] Early diagnosis of testicular cancer.

Created 13/1/2025